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Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations appraisals or estimates of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially, our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional, or affective, response that is going to be based on that appraisal.
starting a new relationship, engagementor even marriage. On the other hand, if the date is perceived negatively, then our emotions, as a result, might include dejectionsadnessemptinessor fear.
Scherer et al. The important aspect of the appraisal theory is that it accounts for individual variability in emotional reactions to the same event, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence. Appraisal theories of emotion are theories that state that emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of their circumstances even in the absence of physiological arousal Aronson, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence, These models both provide an explanation for the appraisal of emotions and explain in different ways how emotions can develop.
In the absence of physiological arousal we decide how to feel about a situation after we have interpreted and explained the phenomena. Thus the sequence of events is as follows: event, thinking, and simultaneous events of arousal and emotion. Social psychologists have used this theory to explain and predict coping mechanisms and people's patterns of emotionality. By contrast, for example, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence, personality psychology studies emotions as a function of a person's personality, and thus does not take into account the person's appraisal, or cognitive response, to a situation.
The main controversy surrounding these theories argues that emotions cannot happen without physiological arousal, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence. For the past several decades, appraisal theory has developed and evolved as a prominent theory in the field of communication and psychology by testing affect and emotion. The question studied under appraisal theories is why people react to things differently.
Even when presented with the same, or a similar situation all people will react in slightly different ways based on their perception of the situation. These perceptions elicit various emotions that are specific to each person. About 30 years ago, psychologists and researchers began to categorize these emotions into different groups.
This is where cognitive appraisal theory stems from. They decided to categorize these emotional reaction behaviors as appraisals. The two main theories of appraisal are the structural model and the process model, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence.
Dating back to the dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence and s, Magda Arnold took an avid interest in researching the appraisal of emotions accompanying general arousal. Specifically, Arnold wanted to "introduce the idea of emotion differentiation by postulating that emotions such as fearangerand excitement could be distinguished by different excitatory phenomena" Arnold, For example, if a student studies hard all semester in a difficult class and passes the tough mid-term exam with an "A", the felt emotion of happiness will motivate the student to keep studying hard for that class.
Emotion is a difficult concept to define as emotions are constantly changing for each individual, but Arnold's continued advancements and changing theory led her to keep researching her work within appraisal theory.
Furthermore, the s proved to be difficult as fellow researchers challenged her theory with questions concerning the involvement of psycho physiological factors and the psychological experiences at the Loyola Symposium on Feelings and Emotions. Dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence close to Magda Arnold in terms of appraisal theory examination was Richard Lazarus who continued to research emotions through appraisal theory before his death in Since he began researching in the s, this concept evolves and expands to include new research, methods, and procedures.
Although Arnold had a difficult time with questions, Lazarus and other researchers discussed the biopsychological components of the theory at the Loyola Symposium "Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotion". Specifically, he identified two essential factors in an essay in which he discusses the cognitive aspects of emotion: "first, what is the nature of the cognitions or appraisals which underlie separate emotional reactions e.
fearguiltgriefjoyetc. Second, what are the determining antecedent conditions of these cognitions. Moreover, Lazarus specified two major types of appraisal methods which sit at the crux of the appraisal method: 1 primary appraisal, directed at the establishment of the significance or meaning of the event to the organism, and 2 secondary appraisal, directed at the assessment of the ability of the organism to cope with the consequences of the event.
To simplify Lazarus's theory and emphasize his stress on cognition, as you are experiencing an event, your thought must precede the arousal and emotion which happen simultaneously. First, you think: "I've never spoken in front of such a big crowd. I'm going to make a fool of myself. The structural model of appraisal helps to explain the relation between appraisals and the emotions they elicit. This model involves examination of the appraisal process as well as examination of how different appraisals influence which emotions are experienced.
According to Lazarus[12] theories of emotion involve a relational aspect, a motivational aspect, and a cognitive aspect Lazarus, The relational aspect involves the relationship between a person and the environment and suggests that emotions always involve an interaction between the two Lazarus, The motivational aspect involves an assessment of the status of one's goals and is the aspect of the evaluation of a situation in which a person determines how relevant the situation is to his or her goals Lazarus, Finally, the cognitive component involves one's appraisal of the situation, or an evaluation of how relevant and significant a situation is to one's life Lazarus, Lazarus suggests that different emotions are elicited when situations are evaluated differently according to these three categories.
In order to evaluate each emotion individually, however, a structural model of appraisal is necessary Lazarus, This model allows for the individual components of the appraisal process to be determined for each emotion. In addition, this model allows for the evaluation of how and where the appraisal processes differ for different emotions Lazarus, The appraisal process is broken up into two different categories, primary appraisal and secondary appraisal Lazarus, The second aspect of an individual's primary appraisal of a situation is the evaluation of motivational congruence.
When evaluating the motivational congruence of a situation, an individual answers the question, "Is this situation congruent or incongruent consistent or inconsistent with my goals? People's emotions are also influenced by their secondary appraisal of situations. Secondary appraisal involves people's evaluation of their resources and options for coping Lazarus, A person can hold herself, another, or a group of other people accountable for the situation at hand. Blame may be given for a harmful event and credit may be given for a beneficial event Lazarus, The way in which people view who or what should be held accountable directs and guides their efforts to cope with the emotions they experience.
Another aspect of secondary appraisal is a person's coping potential. Coping potential is potential to use either problem-focused coping or emotion-focused coping strategies to handle an emotional experience. Thus, a person's belief about their ability to perform problem-focused coping influences the emotions they experience in the situation. Again, the emotions people experience are influenced by how they perceive their ability to perform emotion-focused coping. The fourth component of secondary appraisal is one's future expectancy Lazarus, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence, Thus, an individual may believe the situation will change favorably or unfavorably Lazarus, One's future expectancy influences the emotions elicited during a situation as well as the coping strategies used.
The structural model of appraisal suggests that the answers to the different component questions of the primary and secondary categories allow researchers to predict which emotions will be elicited from a certain set of circumstances. In other words, the theory suggests that researchers are able to examine an individual's appraisal of a situation and then predict the emotional experiences of that individual based upon his or her views of the situation. An example of a particular emotion and its underlying appraisal components can be seen when examining the emotion of anger.
Another example of the appraisal components of an emotion can be given in regards to anxiety. Like anger, anxiety comes from the evaluation of a situation as motivationally relevant and motivationally incongruent Lazarus, Dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence anger, another person or group of people is held accountable or blamed for a wrongdoing.
However, in regards to anxiety, there is no obvious person or group to hold accountable or to blame. The structural model of appraisal allows for researchers to assess different appraisal components that lead to different emotions.
Appraisal theory, however, has often been critiqued for failing to capture the dynamic nature of emotion. To better analyze the complexities of emotional appraisal, social psychologists have sought to further complement the structural model. Smith and Kirby [15] argue for a two-process model of appraisal, which expands on the function of the structural model of appraisal. While the structural model of appraisal focuses on what one is evaluating, the process model of appraisal focuses on how one evaluates emotional stimuli.
There are three main components to the process model of appraisal: perceptual stimuli, associative processing, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence, and reasoning. In addition to these stimuli, the process model is composed to two main appraisal processes. An alternative process model of appraisal, Scherer's multi-level sequential check model is made up of three levels of appraisal process, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence, with sequential constraints at each level of processing that create a specifically ordered processing construct Scherer There are various evaluation checks throughout the processes, which allow for observation of stimuli at different points in dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence process sequence, thus creating a sort of step-by-step appraisal process Scherer While the two-process model involves processes occurring at the same time, parallel to one another, Scherer's multi-level sequential check model is composed of processes that take place in a specific sequence.
Roseman's theory of appraisal holds that there are certain appraisal components that interact to elicit different emotions Roseman, When one evaluates a situation as inconsistent with one's goals, the situation is considered motivationally inconsistent and often elicits a negative emotion, such as anger or regret Roseman, An individual might also believe the situation was due to chance.
An individual's evaluation of accountability influences which emotion is experienced. For example, if one feels responsible for a desirable situation, pride may be an emotion that is experienced.
In addition to the two appraisal components, the different intensities of each component also influence which emotion or emotions are elicited. Specifically, the certainty and the strength of the evaluation of accountability influences which emotions are experienced Roseman, Roseman's theory of appraisal suggests that motive consistency and accountability are the two most important components of the appraisal process Most models currently advanced are more concerned with structure or contents of appraisals than with process oriented appraisal.
Examination of these models indicates that although there is significant overlap [between the two types of structural models], there also differences: in which appraisals are included; how particular appraisals are operationalized; which emotions are encompassed by a model; and which particular combinations of appraisals are proposed to elicit a particular emotional response. Process-oriented models of appraisal theory are rooted in the idea that it is important to specify the cognitive principles and operations underlying these appraisal modes.
Using this orientation for evaluating appraisals, we find fewer issues with repression, a "mental process by which distressing thoughts, memories, or impulses that may give rise to anxiety are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious" Merriam-Webster, Within the continuous versus categorical nature of appraisal and emotion, there are many standpoints of the flow of this appraisal process, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence.
To begin, Roseman's model shows that appraisal information "can vary continuously but categorical boundaries determine which emotion will occur". Motive consistency and inconsistency make up an example of this dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence framework. A positive or negative emotional response in conjunction with the affect has much to do with the appraisal and the amount of motivational consistency.
To accurately understand dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence concept, an example of Roseman's model could come from a motive-consistent goal as it is caused by the dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence and someone else to reach one's objective in which a positive emotion is created from the specific appraisal event. In addition, Scherer's model shows that most appraisal falls in a continuous spectrum in which points along the way represent distinct emotional points made possible from the appraisal.
Between appraisal space and number of emotions experienced, these two components are both positively correlated. With so much variation and levels within one's emotions, it can be seen as injustice to the emotional experience and the appraisal process to limit oneself to such categories. To solve the problem between categorical and continuous appraisal order, it may be a good idea to place discrete emotional categories i, dissertation abstracts online on emotional intelligence.
Emotional Intelligence- The Ability Model
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