In an introduction to the Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot declared that Pound “is more responsible for the 20th-century revolution in poetry than is any other individual.” Four decades later, Donald Hall reaffirmed in remarks collected in Remembering Poets that “Ezra Pound is the poet who, a thousand times more than any other Literary modernism, or modernist literature, originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction blogger.comism experimented with literary form and expression, as exemplified by Ezra Pound's maxim to "Make it new." Kenner's The Poetry of Ezra Pound () adopted a New Critical approach, where all that mattered was the work itself. New Directions and Faber & Faber published Ezra Pound: Translations in , introduced by Kenner, and the following year Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, introduced by Eliot
Literary modernism - Wikipedia
Literary modernismor modernist literatureoriginated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction writing. Modernism experimented with literary form and expression, literary essays of ezra pound, as exemplified by Ezra Pound 's maxim to "Make it new. In the s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques.
The theories of Sigmund Freud —and Ernst Mach — influenced early Modernist literature. Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science literary essays of ezra pound Mechanics Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria with Josef Breuer According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived.
As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence on logical positivismand through his criticism of Isaac Newtona forerunner of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity. Many prior theories about epistemology argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual, as, for example, John Locke 's — empiricismwhich saw the mind beginning as a tabula rasaa blank slate An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, was combined by Carl Jung — with the idea of the collective unconsciouswhich the conscious mind either fought or embraced.
While Charles Darwin 's work remade the Aristotelian concept of "man, the animal" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of the human animal.
Another major precursor of modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche[4] especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the " will to power ", were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson —on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.
Important literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoyevsky —81 Crime and PunishmentThe Brothers Karamazov ; Walt Whitman —92 Leaves of Grass —91 ; Charles Baudelaire —67 Les Fleurs du malRimbaud —91 Illuminations; Knut Hamsun — Hunger; August Strindberg —especially his later plays, including the trilogy To Damascus —, A Dream PlayThe Ghost Sonata Initially, some modernists fostered a utopian spirit, stimulated by innovations in anthropologypsychologyphilosophypolitical theoryphysics and psychoanalysis.
The poets of the Imagist movementfounded by Ezra Pound in as a new poetic style, gave modernism its early start in the 20th century, [9] and were characterized by a poetry that favoured a precision of imagerybrevity and free verse.
Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust of institutions of power such as government and religion, and literary essays of ezra pound the notion of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T. Eliot 's The Waste Land were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored the darker aspects of human nature.
The term modernism covers a number of related, and overlapping, artistic and literary movements, including ImagismSymbolismFuturismVorticismCubismSurrealismExpressionismand Dada. Early modernist writers, especially those writing after World War I and the disillusionment that followed, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were the reliable interpreters and representatives of mainstream "bourgeois" culture and ideas, and, instead, developed unreliable narratorsexposing the irrationality at the roots of a supposedly rational world.
They also attempted to address the changing ideas about reality developed by Charles DarwinErnst MachFreudAlbert EinsteinNietzscheBergson and others. From this developed innovative literary techniques such as stream-of-consciousness, interior monologueas well as the use of multiple points-of-view.
This can reflect doubts about the philosophical basis of realismor alternatively an expansion of our understanding of what is meant by realism.
For example, the use of stream-of-consciousness or interior monologue reflects the need for greater psychological realism. It is debatable when the modernist literary movement began, though some have chosen as roughly marking the beginning and quote novelist Virginia Woolfwho declared that human nature underwent a fundamental change "on or about December ". Among early modernist non-literary landmarks is the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg 's Second String Quartet inthe Expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Expressionist Blue Rider group in Munich inthe rise of fauvismand the introduction of literary essays of ezra pound from the studios of Henri MatissePablo PicassoGeorges Braque and others between and Sherwood Anderson 's Winesburg, Ohio is known as an early work of modernism for its plain-spoken prose style and emphasis on psychological insight into characters.
James Joyce was a major modernist writer whose strategies employed in his novel Ulysses for depicting the events during a twenty-four-hour period in the life of his protagonist, Leopold Bloomhave come to epitomize modernism's approach to fiction. The poet T. Eliot described these qualities innoting that Joyce's technique is "a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history Instead of narrative method, literary essays of ezra pound, we may now use literary essays of ezra pound mythical method.
It is, I seriously believe, a step toward making the modern world possible for art. This is in fact a rhetorical technique to convey the poem's theme: "The decay and fragmentation of Western Culture".
In Italian literaturethe generation of poets represented by Eugenio Literary essays of ezra pound with his Ossi di seppiaGiuseppe Ungaretti with his Allegria di naufragiand Umberto Saba with his Canzoniere embodies modernism. This new generation broke with the tradition of Giosuè CarducciGiovanni Pascoliand Gabriele D'Annunzio in terms of style, language and tone.
They were aware of the crisis deriving from the decline of the traditional role of the poet as foreseer, teacher, prophet. In a world that has absorbed Friedrich Nietzsche 's lesson, these poets want to renew literature according to the new cultural world of the 20th century. For example, Montale uses epiphany to reconstruct meaning, while Saba incorporates Freudian concepts of psychoanalysis. Modernist literature addressed similar aesthetic problems as contemporary modernist art.
Gertrude Stein 's abstract writings, such as Tender Buttonsfor example, have been compared to the fragmentary and multi-perspective Cubist paintings of her friend Pablo Picasso.
In this poem, MacDiarmid applies Eliot's techniques to respond to the question of nationalism, using comedic parody, in an optimistic though no less hopeless form of modernism in which the artist as "hero" seeks to embrace complexity and locate new meanings. Regarding technique, modernist works sought to obfuscate the boundaries between genres.
Thus prose works tended to be poetical and poetry prose-like. Eliot's poetry sacrified lyrical grace for the literary essays of ezra pound of fragmented narrative while Virginia Woolf's novels literary essays of ezra pound as Mrs Dalloway and The Waves have been described as poetical.
Significant modernist works continued to be created in the s and s, including further novels by Marcel ProustVirginia WoolfRobert Musil Man without Qualitiesand Literary essays of ezra pound Richardson. The American modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill 's career began inbut his major works appeared in the s and s and early s. Two other significant modernist dramatists writing in the s and s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca.
Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley's Lover was published inwhile another important landmark for the history of the modern novel literary essays of ezra pound with the publication of William Faulkner 's The Sound and the Fury in The s would prove to be watershed years in modernist poetry. In this period, T. Eliot published some of his most notable poetic works, including The Waste LandThe Hollow Menand Ash Wednesday.
In the s, in addition to further major works by William Faulkner As I Lay DyingLight in AugustSamuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphywhile in John Cowper Powys published A Glastonbury Romancethe same year as Hermann Broch 's The Sleepwalkers.
Djuna Barnes published her famous lesbian novel Nightwood in One of the greatest achievements in modernist poetry is then followed by Miroslav Krleža 's Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh in Then in James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake appeared. It was in this year that another Irish modernist, W.
Yeatsdied. In poetry, E. Cummingsand Wallace Stevens continued writing into the s. It was in this period when T. Eliot began writing what would become his final major poetic work, Four Quartets. Eliot shifted focus in this period, writing several plays, including Murder in the Cathedral. While modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra PoundHart CraneMarianne MooreWilliam Carlos Williamsliterary essays of ezra pound, H.
EliotDavid JonesHugh MacDiarmidBasil Buntingand W. European modernist poets include Federico García LorcaFernando PessoaAnna AkhmatovaConstantine Cavafyand Paul Valéry. Though The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees Modernism ending by c.
The term late modernism is sometimes applied to modernist works published after EliotAnna AkhmatovaWilliam FaulknerDorothy RichardsonJohn Cowper Powysand Ezra Pound, literary essays of ezra pound. Basil Buntingborn inpublished his most important modernist poem Briggflatts in In addition Hermann Broch 's The Death of Virgil was published in and Thomas Mann 's Doctor Faustus in early works by Thomas MannThe Magic Mountainliterary essays of ezra pound, and Death in Venice are sometimes considered modernist.
Samuel Beckettliterary essays of ezra pound, who died inhas been described as a "later modernist", literary essays of ezra pound. The terms minimalist and post-modernist have also been applied to his later works. Prynne b. More recently the term late modernism has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written afterrather than With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War IIliterary essays of ezra pound, especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb.
The term Theatre of the Absurd is applied to plays written by primarily European playwrights, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.
Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his essay, "Theatre of the Absurd, literary essays of ezra pound. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to Vaudevillemixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the " well-made play ".
Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett —Eugène Ionesco —Jean Genet —Harold Pinter —Tom Stoppard b. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Western literary movement, originating in the late 19th century, literary essays of ezra pound. For modern literature, see History of modern literary essays of ezra pound. Modernismo Modernist poetry Contemporary French literature Experimental literature Expressionism theatre History of theatre 20th century in literature Twentieth-century English literature Postmodern literature List of modernist writers List of modernist women writers.
ISBN Modern American Literature. EDINBURGH University Press. Retrieved April 20, Spring — Summer,pp. Linda R. London: Bloomsbury,pp. The Imagist Poem, Modern Poetry in Miniature Story Line Press,expanded Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature.
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, literary essays of ezra pound. Bennett and Mrs. Leonard Woolf. London: Hogarth, pages —
Literary Essays of Ezra Pound
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Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (* Oktober in Hailey, Blaine County, Idaho; † 1. November in Venedig) war ein amerikanischer Dichter. Er gilt als einer der herausragenden Vertreter der literarischen blogger.com Hauptwerk ist The blogger.com propagierte vor den Imagismus und den Vortizismus.Während seines Italienaufenthalts von bis bewunderte und unterstützte er den Kenner's The Poetry of Ezra Pound () adopted a New Critical approach, where all that mattered was the work itself. New Directions and Faber & Faber published Ezra Pound: Translations in , introduced by Kenner, and the following year Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, introduced by Eliot In an introduction to the Literary Essays of Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot declared that Pound “is more responsible for the 20th-century revolution in poetry than is any other individual.” Four decades later, Donald Hall reaffirmed in remarks collected in Remembering Poets that “Ezra Pound is the poet who, a thousand times more than any other
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